TY  - JOUR
AU  - Reese, Jessica A.
AU  - Davis, Erin
AU  - Fretts, Amanda M.
AU  - Ali, Tauqeer
AU  - Lee, Elisa T.
AU  - Umans, Jason G.
AU  - Yarden, Ronit
AU  - Zhang, Ying
AU  - Peck, Jennifer D.
PY  - 2025
TI  - Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among American Indian Adolescents: The Strong Heart Family Study
T2  - Preventing Chronic Disease
JO  - Prev Chronic Dis
SP  - E13
VL  - 22
CY  - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
N2  - INTRODUCTION  We aimed to describe the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among American Indian adolescents and determine its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. METHODS  Our study population consisted of 307 adolescents (aged <=20 years) participating in the Strong Heart Family Study with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) measured on samples collected during baseline examinations (2001-2003). We defined baseline prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as 25(OH)D <=20 ng/mL. We evaluated outcomes related to obesity (BMI, waist circumference, wait-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage), diabetes, cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome. We used generalized estimating equations to determine whether the prevalence of the outcomes differed according to vitamin D deficiency status, while controlling for covariates. To determine incidence, we conducted a follow-up examination a median 5.8 years after baseline (2006-2009) and a second follow-up a median of 13.3 years after baseline (2014-2018). We calculated incidence rates (IR) per 100 person-years for the total group and stratified by vitamin D deficiency status at baseline. Finally we used shared frailty cox proportional hazards models to determine if the risk of the outcomes differed according to vitamin D deficiency status, while controlling for covariates.  RESULTS  The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 50.8% at baseline, and it was associated with the prevalence of obesity, low HDL-C, and metabolic syndrome, while controlling for covariates. By the first follow-up, the IRs per 100 person-years were the following: obesity (5.03), diabetes (1.07), any dyslipidemia (10.80), and metabolic syndrome (3.31). By the second follow-up, the IR of diabetes was significantly higher among those with (vs without) baseline vitamin D deficiency (1.32 vs 0.68 per 100 person-years; P = .02), although the association was not significant after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION  Vitamin D deficiency in adolescence may be associated with the CVD risk factors obesity, low HDL-C, and metabolic syndrome and may also contribute to the development of diabetes later in life.
SN  - 1545-1151
UR  - https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd22.240354
DO  - 10.5888/pcd22.240354
ER  -